CHICKEN中文繁體翻譯：劍橋詞典

Discover the many amazing animals that live on our planet. Sign in to save your favorites and access them whenever, wherever! Farmers have developed numerous breeds and varieties to fulfill commercial requirements. Descendants of those domestications have spread throughout the world in several waves for at least the last 2,000 years. In groups of male chicks, however, fights for dominance may continue into adulthood. The pecking order is established within groups of female chicks by the 10th week of life.

Despite the chicken’s close relationship with the red jungle fowl, there is evidence that the gray jungle fowl (G. sonneratii) of southern India and other jungle fowl species, also members of Gallus, may have contributed to the bird’s ancestry. In the process of domestication, chickens were apparently kept initially for cockfighting, and only later used for food. Many people obtain chickens for their egg production but often name them and treat them as any other pet like cats or dogs. Genetic sequencing of chicken bones from archaeological sites in Europe revealed that in the High Middle Ages chickens became less aggressive and began to lay eggs earlier in the breeding season. The possibility that domestic chickens were in the Americas before Western contact is debated by researchers, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens.

When a rooster finds food he may call the other chickens to eat it first. Although chickens are flightless birds, they do have a tendency to attempt flight. Chicken domestication likely occurred more than once in Southeast Asia and possibly India over the most recent 7,400 years, and the first domestications may have been for religious reasons or for the raising of fighting birds. Subsequent ovulations may occur within an hour after the previous egg was laid, allowing some hens to produce as many as 300 eggs per year. Egg laying is stimulated by the long stretches of daylight that occur during the warmer months; however, artificial lights placed in chicken coops can trigger a hen’s egg laying response throughout the year.

All the time she is sitting in the nest she will regularly turn the eggs keeping them at a constant temperature and humidity. When a hen becomes familiar coming to his ‘call’ the rooster may mate with the hen and fertilize her egg. Removing hens or roosters from a flock causes a temporary disruption to this social order until a new pecking order is established. Chickens have a communal approach to the incubation of eggs and raising of young. Chickens are gregarious birds and live together as a flock.

An early study proposed that a single domestication event of the red junglefowl in present-day Thailand gave rise to the modern chicken.
In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken recessive gene, talpid2, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils.
Advocates of intensive farming say that their efficient systems save land and food resources owing to increased productivity, and that the animals are looked after in a controlled environment.
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Certain breeds, such as silkies and many bantam varieties, are generally docile and are often recommended as good pets around children with disabilities. This involves complete withdrawal of food (and sometimes water) for 7–14 days or sufficiently long to cause a body weight loss of 25 to 35%, or up to 28 days under experimental conditions. Hens, particularly from battery cage systems, are sometimes infirm or have lost a significant amount of their feathers, and their life expectancy has been reduced from around seven years to less than two years. Broiler breeds typically take less than six weeks to reach slaughter size, some weeks longer for free-range and organic broilers.

Besides humans, lots of animals eat chickens as well. Modern egg-laying breeds rarely go broody and those that do often stop part-way through the incubation cycle. At the end of the incubation period, which is an average of 21 days, the eggs (if fertilized) will hatch and the broody hen will take care of her young. Individual chickens in a flock will dominate others, establishing a ‘pecking order’, with dominant individuals having priority for access to food and nesting locations. Domestic chickens are typically fed commercially prepared feed that includes a protein source as well as grains. Chickens can be kept as pets, for breeding, egg laying and a food product.

Chickens will sometimes attempt flight simply to explore their surroundings, however, they will especially fly in an attempt to flee when they perceive danger or pursued by a predator. Hens lay eggs that range in color from white to pale brown and other pale colors depending on the breed. The rooster is larger and more brightly colored than the hen, he also has a larger comb on top of his head. Roosters can usually be differentiated from hens by their striking plumage, marked by long flowing tails and bright pointed feathers on their necks. The chicken is believed to have descended from the wild Indian and south-east Asian Red Junglefowl which is biologically classified as the same species.

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Fertile chicken eggs hatch at the end of the incubation period, about 21 days; the chick uses its egg tooth to break out of the shell. As with all birds, reproduction is controlled by a neuroendocrine system, the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-I neurons in the hypothalamus. Chickens have been thought of primarily as providers of food, but their cognition, emotions, and https://krikya-online.com/ sociality are comparable with other birds and mammals. Individual chickens dominate others, establishing a pecking order; dominant individuals take priority for access to food and nest sites. As of 2023, the global chicken population exceeds 26.5 billion, with more than 50 billion birds produced annually for consumption. Chickens are primarily kept for their meat and eggs, though they are also kept as pets.

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There are over 150 different breeds of chicken that come in various colors, patterns and sizes. Fragrant chicken meatballs are served with a creamy coconut sauce spiked with sweet and spicy sriracha. In situations where one adult bird challenges another—which happens most often when a new bird is introduced into the flock—fights involving males risk injury and death more often than fights involving females. At about six months, males produce viable sperm, and females produce viable eggs. The time between ovulation and egg-laying is approximately 23–26 hours. Males (called cocks or roosters) and females (hens) are known for their fleshy combs, lobed wattles hanging below the bill, and high-arched tails.

For most of that period, chickens were a common part of the livestock complement of farms and ranches throughout Eurasia and Africa. Each flock of chickens develops a social hierarchy that determines access to food, nesting sites, mates, and other resources. In 2006, scientists researching the ancestry of birds switched on a chicken recessive gene, talpid2, and found that the embryo jaws initiated formation of teeth, like those found in ancient bird fossils. This stimulates the hen to lose her feathers but also re-invigorates egg-production.