{"id":9846,"date":"2025-04-15T15:28:04","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T12:28:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/?page_id=9846"},"modified":"2025-07-01T13:15:08","modified_gmt":"2025-07-01T10:15:08","slug":"%ce%b4%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%ba%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%cf%86%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%bc%ce%bf%ce%b3%ce%ae%cf%82-%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%b5%ce%ba%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%bf%cf%8d-%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%b3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/%ce%b4%ce%b5%ce%af%ce%ba%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-%ce%b5%cf%86%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%bc%ce%bf%ce%b3%ce%ae%cf%82-%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%b5%ce%ba%ce%bb%ce%bf%ce%b3%ce%b9%ce%ba%ce%bf%cf%8d-%cf%80%cf%81%ce%bf%ce%b3\/","title":{"rendered":"Election Program Implementation Index"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full w-100\" id=\"home-page-entry-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"220\" src=\"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Paratiritirio_Header1_WithLogoKEFIM_1920x220.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Paratiritirio_Header1_WithLogoKEFIM_1920x220.png 1920w, https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Paratiritirio_Header1_WithLogoKEFIM_1920x220-300x34.png 300w, https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Paratiritirio_Header1_WithLogoKEFIM_1920x220-1024x117.png 1024w, https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Paratiritirio_Header1_WithLogoKEFIM_1920x220-768x88.png 768w, https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Paratiritirio_Header1_WithLogoKEFIM_1920x220-1536x176.png 1536w, https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Paratiritirio_Header1_WithLogoKEFIM_1920x220-18x2.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<p><strong>Methodology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The main object of the Index<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Government Program Implementation Index (GPI) monitors the degree of implementation of the government&#039;s election program, attempting to measure the extent to which the government implements the policies for which it received a democratic mandate in the electoral process.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How is the Index calculated?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Government Program Implementation Index (GPI) is calculated from the sum of commitments that have been partially and fully implemented to the total commitments that have been undertaken and is expressed as a percentage.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Index data<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Codification of commitments<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf&nbsp;\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \/ \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<em> <\/em>\u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Commitments are phrases in the program that state that, if the party secures the required majority, the new government will undertake a specific action\/regulation. For example, the phrase: \u201cReduce corporate tax to 20% within four years\u201d is a party commitment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Commitments are not statements of general principles or intentions. For example, the phrase: \u201cFairer tax treatment of the middle class\u201d is not a commitment as it does not refer to specific actions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Controllability assessment<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Subsequently, all commitments are assessed for their controllability. The so-called <em>testability criterion<\/em> is the most common way of testability of commitments in order to reduce the subjective interpretation of their implementation. A commitment is evaluated in terms of whether it is testable (testability criterion), that is, whether there is an objective way to assess whether it has been fulfilled or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Commitment controllability coding criteria table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verifiable commitment: &quot;Election promises as commitments about the future that are found in election manifestos and that satisfy the condition that &#039;an objective estimation can be made as to whether or not the action was indeed taken or the outcome produced&#039;&quot;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unverifiable commitment: \u201cDeliberately opaque in their communication. ambiguity and vagueness\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7: \u00ab\u0395\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2\u00bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03b1-&nbsp; \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c2&nbsp; \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An example of an unverifiable commitment is the phrase: \u201cA series of direct, specific interventions aimed at a fairer, more productive and development-friendly distribution of tax burdens on households and businesses.\u201d This phrase refers to principles of the tax system and contains abstract concepts, such as the word \u201cfairer,\u201d which is neither defined nor verifiable. What is fair is open to interpretation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, it is useful to note that because many times certain policy proposals may be repeated in other areas in a similar way, we apply the following criteria:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Policy proposals are coded once in the policy base field.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Policy proposals are coded based on the clearest wording that appears.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, some policy proposals refer to targets, i.e. measurable data for which it is checked whether they have been achieved or not. One such example is the target for<br>&quot;increase Greek exports to 50.51% of gross domestic product by 2030&quot;. This commitment based on international and official national data is possible to verify.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short: In order to answer whether a commitment is verifiable, it is assessed whether its content is formulated in such a way that it is possible to objectively judge whether it has been implemented or not. It must therefore be clear and not contain vague references such as \u201creorganize\u201d, \u201cpromote\u201d, \u201cexpand\u201d, \u201cupgrade\u201d, \u201caccelerate\u201d, \u201crationalize\u201d, \u201cstrengthen\u201d, etc. or general trends such as \u201cincrease\u201d or \u201creduce\u201d (e.g. wages) without specific target setting (in absolute values, percentages, etc.).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2&nbsp; \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each commitment that meets the criterion of verifiability is assessed as to whether it has been implemented. The commitment must have been legislated and in force (i.e. any relevant secondary legislation such as Ministerial Decisions must have been issued) and it is not sufficient that it has been announced or planned. There are 3 codifications as to the fulfillment of the commitment:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Applied<\/em>&nbsp;: \u00ab<em>A promise is fulfilled if there is an action or outcome that corresponds to the action or outcome expected from the promise<\/em>\u00bb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\u039c\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03c2 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7<\/em>: \u00ab<em>Partially fulfilled election promises are those where the party made obvious efforts or achieved obvious outcomes, but where it did not fully succeed...partial fulfillment is applied:<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Late fulfillment within the election period: promises that are decided upon after a specified date, but still within the election period, are defined as partially fulfilled. The promise of the Alliance for Sweden to introduce a cost ceiling for dental care costs by 1 July 2007 is coded as partially fulfilled, since the proposition was accepted by the Riksdag on 2 April 2008 \u2013 one year after the target date, but still within the election term.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Obvious changes along the lines of promise that do not &#039;go all the way&#039;: in some outcome promises, a party mentions specific numbers, levels or amounts that should be reached. The approach here is that all these promises should be judged individually and coded according to reasonable, transparent arguments. It is worth noting that such promises are relatively rare: 16 out of the 445 promises investigated in this study are defined as outcome promises and of these only two demanded further discussion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fulfillment that is similar to what was promised, but not precisely the same: election promises may be carried out almost as promised but not exactly. For example, the government sometimes comes up with slightly different technical solutions for social benefits than those described in their manifesto. If the general idea of the promise is respected, even though policy does not exactly follow the design laid out in the promises, the promise is coded as partially fulfilled.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Not applied<\/em> : \u00ab<em>A promise to act is unfulfilled if no significant action has taken place. The notion of &#039;significant action&#039; is used to illustrate that symbolic or minor action is not considered enough for fulfillment. Symbolic or minor action can consist of government investigations (&#039;utredningar&#039;), and statements of intent by the government (sometimes called &#039;skrivelser&#039;). &#039;Minor action&#039; can also be pilot projects that are not followed up by permanent policies.<\/em>\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary, the coding for the application is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>o Implemented: When the commitment has been implemented, that is, it has been legislated and implemented or a public project has been delivered for operation and use by the public or an organization has been institutionalized and operates.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>o Partially implemented<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>o It may differ in terms of time: For example, the commitment may say &quot;abolition of ENFIA by 30% in the first year&quot; and be abolished with a delay.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o It may differ in terms of individual points: For example, the commitment to mention &quot;reduction of ENFIA by 30% in the first year and transfer of collection to municipalities&quot; and the reduction but not the transfer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o It may differ in terms of the method or means: For example, the commitment to say &quot;unify all benefits on one digital card&quot; and the unification will take place, but only of OPEKA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>o Not implemented: When no action has been taken to implement the commitment, or it is under implementation, or it has been announced and planned but not implemented, or it has not been delivered to the public for use.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Coding reliability check<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Any attempt to code text into categories (such as verifiable\/unverifiable and implemented\/unimplemented commitments) based on specific coding rules has certain methodological limitations. The decision as to whether a commitment belongs to a particular category or to another (or possibly a third) depends, in part, on the interpretive judgment of the individual coder. In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the coding results, it is necessary to conduct an inter-coder reliability analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inter-coder reliability analysis examines the degree of agreement between two or more coders applying the same coding rules to the same data set. This process is critical as it ensures that the results of the analysis are not influenced by the subjectivity or personal interpretations of individual coders, but rather reflect a consistent and objective measurement. A reliability index, such as Cohen&#039;s Kappa, is used to measure inter-coder agreement, with higher values indicating greater unanimity and, therefore, greater reliability of the coding results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the codification of these commitments, after the assessment of the auditability and implementation of the commitments by the independent researchers is completed, the relative reliability of the assessment is checked.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Continuous monitoring and suggestions from external bodies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From the publication of the results onwards, the research team acts in the same way to review each policy proposal and then updates the evaluation status of each policy proposal accordingly.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The research team encourages citizens, civil society organizations, research and academic institutions, parties and organizations and other stakeholders to send their comments on the screening and evaluation of policy proposals. All comments will be studied and in cases where new elements emerge or elements that had escaped the screening, the evaluation will be adjusted accordingly. It is important to note that the project is ongoing and the research team is making every effort to continuously screen the huge volume of legislative material and gather new screening elements for each proposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources of control<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Key sources of control:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Regulations: laws, amendments, presidential decrees, ministerial decisions, circulars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accompanying reports: regulatory impact analysis, special report, explanatory report, consultation report. Official websites \/ archives of the state: information on ministries, reports, data, announcements of Ministries and government agencies, national strategies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Announcements from state agencies: Local Authorities, Independent Authorities, ELSTAT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additional control sources:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Articles in print and online.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reports and data of domestic and international organizations: OECD, Eurostat, European Union, European Commission.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Basic relevant literature<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Government Program Implementation Index is part of a doctoral dissertation research being carried out at the Department of International and European Studies at the University of Macedonia by doctoral candidate Konstantinos Saravakos, under the supervision of associate professor of Political Behavior and Political Research Methodology Yannis Konstantinidis.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main methodological tools of the analysis come from studies that measure the implementation of political commitments by parties in modern democracies. The main methodological approach is the &quot;pledge enactment method&quot;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For more, see for example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Louwerse, T. (2011). The spatial approach to the party mandate.&nbsp;<em>Parliamentary Affairs<\/em>, 64(3), 425-47.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Naurin, E. (2014) Is a Promise a Promise? Election Pledge Fulfillment in Comparative Perspective Using Sweden as an Example,&nbsp;<em>West European Politics<\/em>, 37:5, 1046-1064, DOI: 10.1080\/01402382.2013.863518.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u00e9try, F., &amp; Collette, B. (2009). Measuring How Political Parties Keep Their Promises: A Positive Perspective from Political Science. In LM Imbeau (Ed.),&nbsp;<em>Do They Walk Like They Talk? Speech and Action in Policy Processes<\/em>&nbsp;(pp. 65-80). New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thomson, R., Royed, T., &amp; Naurin, E. (2010). The program-to-policy linkage: a comparative study of election pledges and government policies in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Ireland.&nbsp;<em>Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA,<\/em>&nbsp;Washington, DC, Sept. 2-5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2<em>, \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf 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\u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5 \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u0393\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039a\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2012 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac 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Prorata. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2019 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd, \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2015, \u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac sites, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2022 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc Alpha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038a\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, <em>\u0392\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>O \u038a\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1994 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u2013 \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 I.B. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03be\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03be \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0397\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u0399\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae (BA Hons). \u0388\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0386\u03bc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039f\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395.\u0395. (MSc European Union in a Global Order). \u03a0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03ae\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a4\u03bc\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039a\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0391\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u0388\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03b9\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u0391\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 (\u039a\u0391\u03bb\u03a0), \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0388\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 UNESCO \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u039a\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0394\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a6\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2021 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2 \u0395\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0395\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u0395\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 2023 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af&nbsp;\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u039a., \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u0399. (2024). <em>\u0394\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 <\/em><em>\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> <em>(\u0388\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7: \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2024, \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2: \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2023 \u2013 \u0399\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 2024). <\/em>\u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd &#8211; \u039c\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" 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\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u0395\u03a0\u03a0 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc, \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u0394\u0395\u03a0\u03a0) \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.polimeter.org\/en\/trudeau\"><em>Polimeter<\/em><\/a>, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac. \u03a4\u03bf <em>Polimeter<\/em>, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf 2015 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf <em>Polimeter<\/em> \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03cc\u03c3\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd (Center for Public Policy Analysis) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 Laval \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03ba.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u0394\u0395\u03a0\u03a0) \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <em>Polimeter<\/em> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <a href=\"https:\/\/comparativepledges.net\/\">Comparative Party Pledge Project (CPPP)<\/a>, \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1: <em>American Journal of Political Science<\/em> (AJPS), <em>British Journal of Political Science<\/em> (BJPolS), <em>Political Studies<\/em>, <em>West European Politics<\/em> (WEP), \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 <em>Government and Opposition<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c5\u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd Dr. Alexandre Fortier-Chouinard, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Laval \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a5\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Polimeter \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf Center for Public Policy Analysis (CAPP) \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 Laval.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-custom-heading-text-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-35463dc2b2f59f9e17012f628698ad14\"><strong>\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf, \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af. \u0397 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-custom-heading-text-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-16f9f0d756602aeb25bce3a1f74e6491\"><strong>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2. 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\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u0395\u03a0\u03a0, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-custom-heading-text-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-ec531a536df2a05676cba172406b04bc\"><strong>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7: \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c1\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\/\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\/\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac), \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u039c\u039c\u0395 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03be\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf <em>testability criterion<\/em> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03be\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039c\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-custom-heading-text-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-ba3cc3af157429c5d374e6ca829c949f\"><strong>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1, \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0391\u03b8\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0386\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 &amp; \u0395\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0392\u03b9\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af &amp; \u039f\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u039a\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u039f\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a5\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 COFOG, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u039b\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Eurostat, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bd. 5013\/2023, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae: \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03be\u03b5\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u039a\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0394\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 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Eurostat, \u03a0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03a4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b1, \u039f\u039f\u03a3\u0391, AMECO) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03c0. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-custom-heading-text-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-1cfd6d213bec55fb97385f7f5ff88f1f\"><strong>\u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u0394\u0395\u03a0\u03a0;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u0395\u03a0\u03a0 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u0399\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a4\u03bf\u03bd \u039c\u03ac\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a4\u03b7\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p><strong>The main object of the Index<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Government Program Implementation Index (GPI) monitors the degree of implementation of the government&#039;s election program, attempting to measure the extent to which the government implements the policies for which it received a democratic mandate in the electoral process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>How is the Index calculated?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Government Program Implementation Index (GPI) is calculated from the sum of commitments that have been partially and fully implemented to the total commitments that have been undertaken and is expressed as a percentage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Index data<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Codification of commitments<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a first stage, the commitments contained in the political\/electoral program of the ruling party are collected and codified based on the policy sector (and the corresponding subcategories) to which they belong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Commitments are phrases in the program that state that, if the party secures the required majority, the new government will undertake a specific action\/regulation. For example, the phrase: \u201cReduce corporate tax to 20% within four years\u201d is a party commitment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Commitments are not statements of general principles or intentions. For example, the phrase: \u201cFairer tax treatment of the middle class\u201d is not a commitment as it does not refer to specific actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Controllability assessment<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Subsequently, all commitments are assessed for their controllability. The so-called <em>testability<\/em><em> <\/em><em>criterion<\/em> is the most common way of testability of commitments in order to reduce the subjective interpretation of their implementation. A commitment is evaluated in terms of whether it is testable (testability criterion), that is, whether there is an objective way to assess whether it has been fulfilled or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Commitment controllability coding criteria table:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verifiable commitment: &quot;Election promises as commitments about the future that are found in election manifestos and that satisfy the condition that &#039;an objective estimation can be made as to whether or not the action was indeed taken or the outcome produced&#039;&quot;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Unverifiable commitment: \u201cDeliberately opaque in their communication. ambiguity and vagueness\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An example of a verifiable commitment is the phrase: &quot;Equalization and uniform tax treatment of income from different sources&quot; as in this case either income from different sources is taxed uniformly at the same rate, or is not taxed uniformly - therefore, no element of subjectivity enters into the assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An example of an unverifiable commitment is the phrase: \u201cA series of direct, specific interventions aimed at a fairer, more productive and development-friendly distribution of tax burdens on households and businesses.\u201d This phrase refers to principles of the tax system and contains abstract concepts, such as the word \u201cfairer,\u201d which is neither defined nor verifiable. What is fair is open to interpretation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, it is useful to note that because many times certain policy proposals may be repeated in other areas in a similar way, we apply the following criteria:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Policy proposals are coded once in the policy base field.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Policy proposals are coded based on the clearest wording that appears.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, some policy proposals refer to targets, i.e. measurable data for which it is checked whether they have been achieved or not. One such example is the target for<br>&quot;increase Greek exports to 50.51% of gross domestic product by 2030&quot;. This commitment based on international and official national data is possible to verify.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In short: In order to answer whether a commitment is verifiable, it is assessed whether its content is formulated in such a way that it is possible to objectively judge whether it has been implemented or not. It must therefore be clear and not contain vague references such as \u201creorganize\u201d, \u201cpromote\u201d, \u201cexpand\u201d, \u201cupgrade\u201d, \u201caccelerate\u201d, \u201crationalize\u201d, \u201cstrengthen\u201d, etc. or general trends such as \u201cincrease\u201d or \u201creduce\u201d (e.g. wages) without specific target setting (in absolute values, percentages, etc.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Assessment of the implementation of commitments<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each commitment that meets the criterion of verifiability is assessed as to whether it has been implemented. The commitment must have been legislated and in force (i.e. any relevant secondary legislation such as Ministerial Decisions must have been issued) and it is not sufficient that it has been announced or planned. There are 3 codifications as to the fulfillment of the commitment:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Applied<\/em>&nbsp;: \u00ab<em>A promise is fulfilled if there is an action or outcome that corresponds to the action or outcome expected from the promise<\/em>\u00bb.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Partly <\/em><em>Applied<\/em>: \u00ab<em>Partially fulfilled election promises are those where the party made obvious efforts or achieved obvious outcomes, but where it did not fully succeed...partial fulfillment is applied:<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Late fulfillment within the election period: promises that are decided upon after a specified date, but still within the election period, are defined as partially fulfilled. The promise of the Alliance for Sweden to introduce a cost ceiling for dental care costs by 1 July 2007 is coded as partially fulfilled, since the proposition was accepted by the Riksdag on 2 April 2008 \u2013 one year after the target date, but still within the election term.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Obvious changes along the lines of promise that do not &#039;go all the way&#039;: in some outcome promises, a party mentions specific numbers, levels or amounts that should be reached. The approach here is that all these promises should be judged individually and coded according to reasonable, transparent arguments. It is worth noting that such promises are relatively rare: 16 out of the 445 promises investigated in this study are defined as outcome promises and of these only two demanded further discussion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fulfillment that is similar to what was promised, but not precisely the same: election promises may be carried out almost as promised but not exactly. For example, the government sometimes comes up with slightly different technical solutions for social benefits than those described in their manifesto. If the general idea of the promise is respected, even though policy does not exactly follow the design laid out in the promises, the promise is coded as partially fulfilled.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Non<\/em><em> <\/em><em>applied<\/em> : \u00ab<em>A promise to act is unfulfilled if no significant action has taken place. The notion of &#039;significant action&#039; is used to illustrate that symbolic or minor action is not considered enough for fulfillment. Symbolic or minor action can consist of government investigations (&#039;utredningar&#039;), and statements of intent by the government (sometimes called &#039;skrivelser&#039;). &#039;Minor action&#039; can also be pilot projects that are not followed up by permanent policies.<\/em>\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary, the coding for the application is as follows:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>o Implemented: When the commitment has been implemented, that is, it has been legislated and implemented or a public project has been delivered for operation and use by the public or an organization has been institutionalized and operates.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>o Partially implemented<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>o It may differ in terms of time: For example, the commitment may say &quot;abolition of ENFIA by 30% in the first year&quot; and be abolished with a delay.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o It may differ in terms of individual points: For example, the commitment to mention &quot;reduction of ENFIA by 30% in the first year and transfer of collection to municipalities&quot; and the reduction but not the transfer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>o It may differ in terms of the method or means: For example, the commitment to say &quot;unify all benefits on one digital card&quot; and the unification will take place, but only of OPEKA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>o Not implemented: When no action has been taken to implement the commitment, or it is under implementation, or it has been announced and planned but not implemented, or it has not been delivered to the public for use.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Coding reliability check<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Any attempt to code text into categories (such as verifiable\/unverifiable and implemented\/unimplemented commitments) based on specific coding rules has certain methodological limitations. The decision as to whether a commitment belongs to a particular category or to another (or possibly a third) depends, in part, on the interpretive judgment of the individual coder. In order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the coding results, it is necessary to conduct an inter-coder reliability analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inter-coder reliability analysis examines the degree of agreement between two or more coders applying the same coding rules to the same data set. This process is critical as it ensures that the results of the analysis are not influenced by the subjectivity or personal interpretations of individual coders, but rather reflect a consistent and objective measurement. A reliability index, such as Cohen&#039;s Kappa, is used to measure inter-coder agreement, with higher values indicating greater unanimity and, therefore, greater reliability of the coding results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the codification of these commitments, after the assessment of the auditability and implementation of the commitments by the independent researchers is completed, the relative reliability of the assessment is checked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Continuous monitoring and suggestions from external bodies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From the publication of the results onwards, the research team acts in the same way to review each policy proposal and then updates the evaluation status of each policy proposal accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The research team encourages citizens, civil society organizations, research and academic institutions, parties and organizations and other stakeholders to send their comments on the screening and evaluation of policy proposals. All comments will be studied and in cases where new elements emerge or elements that had escaped the screening, the evaluation will be adjusted accordingly. It is important to note that the project is ongoing and the research team is making every effort to continuously screen the huge volume of legislative material and gather new screening elements for each proposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources of control<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Key sources of control:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Regulations: laws, amendments, presidential decrees, ministerial decisions, circulars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accompanying reports: regulatory impact analysis, special report, explanatory report, consultation report. Official websites \/ archives of the state: information on ministries, reports, data, announcements of Ministries and government agencies, national strategies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Announcements from state agencies: Local Authorities, Independent Authorities, ELSTAT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additional control sources:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Articles in print and online.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reports and data of domestic and international organizations: OECD, Eurostat, European Union, European Commission.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Basic relevant literature<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Government Program Implementation Index is part of a doctoral dissertation research being carried out at the Department of International and European Studies at the University of Macedonia by doctoral candidate Konstantinos Saravakos, under the supervision of associate professor of Political Behavior and Political Research Methodology Yannis Konstantinidis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main methodological tools of the analysis come from studies that measure the implementation of political commitments by parties in modern democracies. The main methodological approach is the &quot;pledge enactment method&quot;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For more, see for example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Louwerse, T. (2011). The spatial approach to the party mandate.&nbsp;<em>Parliamentary Affairs<\/em>, 64(3), 425-47.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Naurin, E. (2014) Is a Promise a Promise? Election Pledge Fulfillment in Comparative Perspective Using Sweden as an Example,&nbsp;<em>West European Politics<\/em>, 37:5, 1046-1064, DOI: 10.1080\/01402382.2013.863518.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u00e9try, F., &amp; Collette, B. (2009). Measuring How Political Parties Keep Their Promises: A Positive Perspective from Political Science. In LM Imbeau (Ed.),&nbsp;<em>Do They Walk Like They Talk? Speech and Action in Policy Processes<\/em>&nbsp;(pp. 65-80). New York: Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thomson, R., Royed, T., &amp; Naurin, E. (2010). The program-to-policy linkage: a comparative study of election pledges and government policies in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Ireland.&nbsp;<em>Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA,<\/em>&nbsp;Washington, DC, Sept. 2-5.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u039c\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03a4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 O \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u0394\u0395\u039a\u03a0) \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.&nbsp; \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 O \u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u039a\u03c5\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u0394\u0395\u039a\u03a0) \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"_eb_attr":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9846","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9846","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9846"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9846\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10316,"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9846\/revisions\/10316"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/paratiritirioqa.synergic.systems\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9846"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}